Sigma 180mm F2.8 APO MACRO EX DG OS HSM Nikon Manuale utente

Marca: Sigma

Modello: 180mm F2.8 APO MACRO EX DG OS HSM Nikon

Tipo: Manuale utente

ƜƷƨƼƸŴǷǰȞȬȳǺǛƓᝰƍ൭ǊƍƨƩƖƋǓƕƱƏƝƟƍǇƢŵஜᛟଢ୿ǛƝችᛠ

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ദೞᏡǋ˺ѣƠƯƍǇƢŵ˺ѣɶƴȬȳǺǛٳƠƨǓŴǫȡȩƷᩓ൷ǛӕǓЈƢƱŴȬ

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Ŧ৖ƿǕᙀദೞᏡƕ˺ѣɶŴȬȳǺǛٳƠƨǓǫȡȩƷᩓเǛЏƬƨƱƖŴȬȳǺǛਰǔ

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ܭƞǕƣŴئӳƴǑƬƯƸ૏ᨦƷҾ׆ƱƳǔئӳƕƋǓǇƢŵજࢨࢸƸ࣏ƣȬȳǺƷ 26

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 ࡇȕȪȸƴׅ᠃ƠǇƢƷưŴဒ᩿Ʒጏ್ƷᛦራƕቇҥƴưƖǇƢᲢ׋ Უŵ

ǇƨŴ׍ܭȎȖǛܦμƴǏǔǊŴ׍ܭȎȖƷɺҮƱȪȳǰƷɺҮǛɟᐲƞƤƯȎȖǛࡽƘƱŴ

ȪȳǰƕƸƣǕɤᏩࡈƕӕǓٳƤǇƢᲢ׋ Უŵ

ἧἻἕἉἷજࢨ

ǫȡȩƷϋᔺȕȩȃǷȥƸŴȕȩȃǷȥƷήƕȬȳǺᦟለƴƞƑƗǒǕǔƨǊŴƝ̅ဇƴƳ

ǕǇƤǜŵ࣏ƣٳᢿȕȩȃǷȥǛ̅ဇƠƯƘƩƞƍŵ

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ŦȚȳǿȃǯǹ $) ဇƸŴȆȬǳȳȐȸǿȸǛƝ̅ဇƴƳǕǇƤǜŵ

ŦȆȬǳȳȐȸǿȸ[ ƸŴȞȋȥǢȫȕǩȸǫǹưƷƝ̅ဇƱƳǓǇƢŵ

ŦȆȬǳȳȐȸǿȸ[ ƸŴP᳸ĐƷር׊ưǪȸȈȕǩȸǫǹજࢨƕӧᏡưƢŵុᩉႸ

ႮƷር׊ƕ P᳸ĐƷ᧓ưƸǪȸȈȕǩȸǫǹƕ˺ѣƠŴP᳸P Ʒ᧓ưƸȞȋ

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ȕǩȸǫǹજࢨƕӧᏡưƢŵ

ἾὅἌἧὊἛ

ȬȳǺȕȸȉƸŴဒឋƴफࢨ᪪ǛɨƑǔஊܹήዴƷǫȃȈƴஊјưƢŵӕǓ˄ƚ૾ඥƸŴȬ

ȳǺέᇢƴȬȳǺȕȸȉǛƸǊᡂǈŴ଺ᚘ૾ӼƴഥǇǔǇưׅƠƯᄩܱƴӕǓ˄ƚƯƘƩƞ

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ŦƜƷȬȳǺƸ $36& ǵǤǺજ΂እ܇ƷȇǸǿȫǫȡȩƱƷኵӳƤư̅ဇƢǔᨥƴŴǑǓ

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ŦȕȫǵǤǺŴӏƼ $36+ ǵǤǺજ΂እ܇ƷȇǸǿȫǫȡȩŴȕǣȫȠǫȡȩƴƝ̅ဇƷ

ئӳƸȬȳǺȕȸȉҥ˳ưƝ̅ဇƘƩƞƍŵȕȸȉǢȀȗǿȸǛ̅ဇƢǔƱŴဒ᩿ƴǱ

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ǇƢᲢ׋ ᲣŵᲢȬȳǺƴȕȸȉǢȀȗǿȸǛӕǓ˄ƚƨǇǇưǋŴȕȸȉǢȀȗǿȸƷ

έᇢƴȬȳǺȕȸȉƷᡞƞ˄ƚŴƓǑƼȬȳǺǭȣȃȗƷӕǓ˄ƚƕưƖǇƢŵᲣ

ἧỵἽἑὊ

Ŧဒ᩿ԗᡀƕƚǒǕǔऀǕƕƋǔƷưŴȕǣȫǿȸƸҾЩƱƠƯᲫ௏ư̅ဇƠƯƘƩƞƍŵ

Ŧ͞ήȕǣȫǿȸǛ̅ဇƢǔئӳƸŴό͞ήǿǤȗᲢǵȸǭȥȩȸ3/ᲣǛƝ̅ဇƘƩƞƍŵ

ŦȕȸȉǢȀȗǿȸǛƝ̅ဇƷئӳưǋŴȕǣȫǿȸƸȬȳǺƷȕǣȫǿȸƶơƴӕǓ˄

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ȕȸȉǢȀȗǿȸƴӕǓ˄ƚǔƱ

ဒ᩿ƴǱȩȬƕဃơǔऀǕƕƋǓǇƢ

ᡈុᩉ଺ỉᩧЈᙀദ

ȞǯȭȬȳǺƸŴᡈ੗જࢨƷƱƖƴȬȳǺƕጮǓЈƞǕŴȬȳǺ᧓ᨠƷ٭҄ƴˤƍ ) ͌ƕ

٭҄ƠǇƢŵᡫࠝƷજࢨưƸŴଢǔƞƷ٭҄ǛǫȡȩͨƕᐯѣႎƴᙀദƠƯƘǕǇƢƕŴٳ

ᢿᩧЈᚘǛƝ̅ဇƷᨥƴƸŴᙀദƕ࣏ᙲƴƳǓǇƢŵᲢᘙ ᲣǛӋༀƠŴᙀദ᣽ǛǻȃȈƠ

ƯƘƩƞƍŵ

̬ሥẆӕৢɥỉදॖ

Ŧ฻ൢƸǫȓǍᥢƷҾ׆ƱƳǓǇƢŵᧈ஖᧓̅ဇƠƳƍئӳƸŴʑ༞дƱɟደƴ݅᧍ࣱƷ

ᑣƍܾ֥ƴλǕƯ̬ሥƠƯƘƩƞƍŵȊȕǿȪȳሁŴ᧸ᖓдƷƋǔئ৑ƴƸ̬ሥƠƳƍ

ưƘƩƞƍŵ

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ȬȳǺȖȩǷưӕǓᨊƍƯƘƩƞƍŵਦƷួƳƲƸŴࠊᝤƷȬȳǺǯȪȸȊȸ෩ƱȬȳ

ǺǯȪȸȋȳǰȚȸȑȸư᠉ƘਚƍƯƘƩƞƍŵșȳǸȳŴǷȳȊȸሁƷஊೞ๋дƸዌ

ݣƴ̅ǘƳƍưƘƩƞƍŵ

ŦƜƷȬȳǺƸ᧸൦ನᡯưƸƋǓǇƤǜŵᩋټǍ൦ᡀưƷ̅ဇưƸŴ຤ǒƞƳƍǑƏƴද

ॖƠƯƘƩƞƍŵ൦ƕȬȳǺϋᢿƴλǓᡂǉƱŴٻƖƳ૏ᨦƷҾ׆ƱƳǓŴ̲ྸɧᏡƴ

ƳǔئӳƕƋǓǇƢŵ

Ŧ࣯ນƳภࡇ٭҄ƴǑǓŴȬȳǺϋᢿƴ൦๟ƕဃơǔƜƱƕƋǓǇƢŵ݊ƍދٳƔǒଡ଼Ɣ

ƍܴϋƴλǔƱƖƳƲƸŴǱȸǹǍȓȋȸȫᘥƴλǕŴԗ׊ƷภࡇƴƳơǇƤƯƔǒƝ

̅ဇƘƩƞƍŵ

Լឋ̬ᚰểỴἧἑὊἇὊἥἋỆếẟề

Լឋ̬ᚰƱǢȕǿȸǵȸȓǹƴ᧙ƠƯƸŴКኡƷż̬ᚰᙹܭŽǛƝӋༀƘƩƞƍŵ

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ӕǓৢƍǛᛚǔƱŴ̅ဇᎍƕ᣻ͻǛ᝟ƏӧᏡࣱƕƋǓǇƢŵ

ŠȬȳǺǛ˄ƚƨǫȡȩưŴٽᨗǍࢍƍήเǛᙸǔƱŴᙻщᨦܹǛឪƜƢऀǕƕƋǓ

ǇƢŵཎƴȬȳǺҥ˳ưٽᨗǛႺ੗ᙸǔƱŴڂଢƷҾ׆ƱƳǓǇƢŵ

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ӕǓৢƍǛᛚǔƱŴ̅ဇᎍƕᨦܹǛ᝟ƏƔŴཋႎ੷ܹƕႆဃƢǔӧᏡࣱƕƋǓǇƢŵ

ŠЭࢸƷǭȣȃȗǛƸƣƠƨǇǇȬȳǺǛ્ፗƢǔƱŴଐήƕƋƨƬƨئӳƴᨼήྵ

ᝋǛƓƜƠŴ້໎ƷҾ׆ƴƳǔئӳƕƋǓǇƢŵ

ŠȞǦȳȈᢿƸᙐᩃƳ࢟ཞǛƠƯƓǓǇƢƷưŴ৖ᒰƴৢƏƱࣴ঻ƷҾ׆ƱƳǓǇƢŵ

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ਊՀݶ॰ᤩ࣋ၨԫת࠷ྡྷΔڇᐙቝ堚㵷৵Δঁױ٤ਊݶ॰ᤩ࣋ၨࣁᅃᅝਊՀݶ

॰ᤩ࣋ၨԫת࠷ྡྷழΔᢴ᧯փᆜ 26 ߓอપא  ઞழၴ܂൶ྒྷΖᑓڤ Δೠྒྷ

ઌᖲֽؓᔼ೯֗ቃྒྷאإ૿ۖࠐऱ๯᥊᧯Δאᛧ堚㵷ऱᐙቝΖ

26 ߻ᔼߓอਢ੡֫਍ᢴᙰࣁ᥊ۖ๻ૠΔאՀൣउڼפ౨ࢨய࣠լࠋΖ

ƒڇ۩ᕍխऱٌຏՠࠠՂތࣁΖ ƒ๠ᄀ೯լࡳऱچֱՂၞ۩ތࣁΖ

ᓮܑ૞ڇאՀൣउࠌش 26 ߻ᔼߓอΖ

ƒᅝᢴᙰᇘᆜڇᆬਮՂ ƒ% ݶ॰९ழၴ㇬٠

ᢴᙰ 26 ߻ᔼפ౨ऱሎ܂Δ٤ࠉᘸઌᖲऱሽ౨༼ࠎΔਚઌᖲڇ಻شڼᢴ֗ඔ೯

߻ᔼפ౨ԫದࠌشழΔᖲߪऱሽ౨௣౛ၦֺؓൄ௣౛੡೏Δ੡ᆏઊሽ౨Δᓮᣂ

ຨ 2)) ߻ᔼפ౨ڇլᏁࠌش߻ᔼழ

ലᢴᙰ಻Ղᖲߪࢨ侏ೈழΔ೭ؘല߻ᔼၨ๠ 2)) ᣂຨۯᆜΖ

ᅝᤛ೯ݶ॰ᤩ࣋ၨ৵Δ٠ᖂ᡹ࡳ߻ᔼᇘᆜܛழᖙ܂Δપࡉᡜ٠ଖڇᖲփ᧩قழ

ၴઌٵΔڇڼཚၴ֊֎ലᢴᙰฝೈࢨ࠵ೈᖲߪሽۃΔڼױᖄીᢴփ 26 ߻ᔼᇘ

ᆜჾᡏΖ

ڇ٤ਊՀݶ॰ၨழࢨփᆜೂᗉךሽழΔኘᤚᨠནᕴփቹቝലڶ᎘პᔼ೯Δڼ᥆

إൄ෼ွΔኙࢬ᥊ቹቝࠀྤᐙ᥼Ζ

ૉᣂຨઌᖲሽᄭࢨೖش٠ᖂ᡹ࡳ߻ᔼᇘᆜழΔᢴ᧯ࢨᄎ࿇נʳ 䢅Ε䢅ʳ ᜢ㫠Δڼ

լਢᜢ㫠ࠀլਢਚᎽംᠲΖ

$320$&52PP)(;'*26+60 ᧢ྡྷᢴΔ಻ش࣍ ౉؍6RQ\Εᎏ൓

3DQWD[ հᖲጟՂױٵழ࿇ཀᢴߪ߻ᔼ֗၌ᜢຒኙྡྷפ౨Ζڇඔ೯ᢴߪ߻ᔼפ

౨ழΔ೭ᓮലᖲߪՂ٠ᖂ߻ᔼפ౨ᣂຨΔթױࠌشΖૉࠌشᖲߪՂ٠ᖂ߻ᔼפ

౨ΔՈؘᏁലᢴߪ߻ᔼפ౨ᣂຨΖ

ڼᢴ಻ش࣍Հ٨ীᇆ .21,&$ 0,12/7$ '<1$;  0$;;80 ' '<1$; 

0$;;80' ֗ 621<$ ᖲীழΔᏁ᠃ಖڇᣂᖲೖشছΔ೭ؘᏁലᢴߪ 26

߻ᔼߓอ٣۩ᣂຨΔթױᣂᖲΙૉሔ֘࿓ݧᖙ܂Δᢴ᧯ 26 ߻ᔼߓอലڂ޲إ

ൄڃ१ᣂຨۯᆜۖᖄીჾᡏΖ

ᆜڶ 26٠ᖂ߻ᔼ פ౨ऱᢴᙰࠋ౨Ε؍ൈ൷ᛩΔૉ಻ش࣍ႚอဗࣥ໢ᢴ֘

٠ઌᖲߪՂΔઌᣂऱ߻ᔼפ౨ലᄎ؈யΙ܀ࠋ౨ (269Ε؍ ൈ ) ᖲীೈ؆Ζ

Կ ᆬ ਮ ຑ ൷ ஆ

ᢴߪॵᆜױࣈڤᆬਮຑ൷ஆΔڇᤩ࣋ࠡ᠙ၨ৵Δᢴߪױᙟრ᠏೯܂ֽؓࢨᓻمࣁ

᥊ቹ Ζ

ല᠙ၨᤩ࣋֗ࢮנΔঁױലᢴߪࣈᠦᆬਮຑ൷ஆቹ Ζ

ೂ ᗉ ᥊ ᐙ

ڇࠌشڼᢴၞ۩ೂᗉ᥊ᐙழΔᓮ֎ࠌشᖲߪփॵᆜೂᗉΔ܍ᖄીᐙቝՀຝנ෼ࣖ

ᄆ႕ᐙ෼ቝΙ৬ᤜࠌش؆ᆜೂᗉΖ

᎛ ᥊ ᏺ ၏ ᢴ

ڼᢴױ಻شᔞ್ऱ $32(;'*[ ࢨ [ ᎛᥊ᏺ၏ᢴ׼᝜ᆜΔྡྷ၏ܛױ։

ܑᏺ࢏ሒ PP) ࢨ PP) ᎛᥊ऱᢴΖ

Ŧ।٨ՂऱᢴᙰΔլױ಻شࠡה঴ྨऱᏺ၏ᢴΖ

Ŧڇ಻ش '6/5 ᑇᒘ໢ᢴ֘٠ઌᖲழΔ㺞௺৬ᤜᢴᙰᚨ಻ش '* ߓ٨ऱ $32 ᎛

᥊ᏺ၏ᢴΖ

Ŧᎏ൓൷ᛩᏺ၏ᢴࠀլ֭གڼᣊਐࡳীᇆᢴᙰΖ

Ŧᅝᢴᙰ൷ٽ $32[ ᏺ၏ᢴԫದࠌشழΔᢴᙰ׽౨א֫೯ᓳྡྷֱڤᖙ܂Ζ

Ŧᅝᢴᙰ൷ٽ $32[ ᏺ၏ᢴԫದࠌشழΔᢴᙰױڇ P ۟ྤૻ᎛ྡྷ၏֡

א۞೯ኙྡྷֱڤᖙ܂Ι܀ P ۟ Pྡྷ၏֡ ঞ֫೯ᓳྡྷֱڤᖙ܂Ζ

Ŧᅝᢴᙰ൷ٽᏺ၏ᢴԫದࠌشழΔڰছڇྡྷ၏ૻࠫၨऱ๻ࡳലᄎ؈யΖ

Ŧ಻شᏺ၏ᕴᒳᇆ  אՂΔױኔ෼ $) ۞೯ኙྡྷΔૉᏺ၏ᕴᒳᇆ܅࣍

Δ۞೯ኙྡྷല؈யΖ

Ŧૉઌᖲ $) ۞೯ኙྡྷᑓڤ๻࣍³ኙֺڤ´ኙྡྷழΔኔழ࠷ནኙྡྷפ౨ױٵழച۩Ζ

ᔟ ٠ ᆝ

ᙟᢴॵඝԵڤᔟ٠ᆝΙڜᇘֱऄڕ!ቹ Δਊᑑقۯ൷ຑΔᤉႉழಾֱٻඝԵΖ

ᔟ٠ᆝפ౨ڶயࣂ௣؆ࠐᠧ٠ၞԵᐙ㫠ࣁ᥊Ζ

Ŧ$36& ᔟ٠ᆝ᠏൷ᕴᙟᢴॵᢤΖᅝڼᢴ಻ٽ $36& ᑇᒘ '6/5 ࠌشழΔ৬

ᤜᆜٽ᠏൷ᕴࡉᔟ٠ᆝԫದࠌشΔאࣂ௣؆ࠐᠧ٠ၞԵᐙ㫠ࣁ᥊Ζڜᇘֱऄ

ڕቹ Ζ

Ŧࣹრڼᔟ٠ᆝ᠏൷ᕴΔլᔞٽፖᔟ٠ᆝԫದ಻ٽش࣍אՀᖲጟ௑ڤ٤༏૿

[PPΕ$36+ ࢨࠌشᓄׂ࿛໢ᢴઌᖲΙૉ㺞۩ࠌشΔࢬ᥊࠷ᐙቝ؄ߡല

נ෼؈٠ᄆߡൣउΖ

Ŧૉലᢴ֗ᔟ٠ᆝ࣋ڃᚏژ๳Δ೭ؘ٣ലᔟ٠ᆝኴՀΔ٦ലֱࠡ֘ٻ୚ڃڇᢴᙰ

ছጤΔڕቹΖ׼ᔟ٠ᆝױኴՀΔ٦ലֱࠡ֘ٻ୚ڃڇᔟ٠ᆝ᠏൷ᕴছጤΖ

ៀ  ᢴ

ޢڻ׽ױࠌشԫ࣭ៀᢴΖڕ࣠ࠌش࣭ࠟאՂ֗Яࢨࠌشೣ٠ᢴ࿛௽দៀᢴΔຟ

ױ౨ᄎທګᄉᐙΖ

$) ઌᖲᚨᙇشႽݮೣ٠ᢴΖ

ᢴᙰૉ಻ٽៀ٠ᢴࡉᔟ٠ᆝ᠏൷ᕴԫದࠌشழΔᏁࣹრៀ٠ᢴᏁؘᏁ٣ᇘ಻ڇ

ᢴᙰছΔ٦಻Ղᔟ٠ᆝ᠏൷ᕴΔૉ಻شݧڻᙑᆜΔࢬ᥊࠷ᐙቝ؄ߡലנ෼؈٠

ᄆߡൣउΖ

ᡜ ٠ ᓳ ᆏ 㧬 ە

ڇၞ۩პ၏៊ᐙழΔᢴ࿟ലᙟ๯᥊᧯ऱ࣋Օ෷᧢೯ۖۼ࢏Δۖ ) ᡜ٠ଖٍڶ

ࢬ᧢೯Δܶ 77/ ऱ໢ᢴઌᖲױ۞೯ၞ۩ଥإᇖᚍΙ܀಻شॺ 77/ ᣊীೂᗉழ

ࢨא؆ᆜྒྷ٠Ꮪၦ৫ᡜ٠ଖழ৬ᤜشॵ।ऱᡜ٠༼ق܂㧬ەΖ

অ 塄 ֗ ژ ࣋

ᚨᝩ܍ᐳᚰࢨऴ൷ᆜ࣋ڇᎩᑷΕᄕܐࢨᑪᛘऱᛩቼՀΖ

ڕ࣠૞९ཚژ࣋Δࡵᙇᖗອළ೓෯֗ຏଅߜړऱچֱΖ੡ԱঅᥨᢴᙰऱףᓂᐋΔ

ࡵ᎛ᠦ߻៽Մࢨ߻៽Մ࿇נ௛᧯ऱچֱΖ

ᢴׂՂऱۆৃࢨਐెױشਫຌპᛘऱᢴᙰؒࢨᢴᙰ౐堚ᑥΔ൫֊֎شᄫᕪΕ૖

ࢨࠡהڶᖲ堚ᑥᕪΖ

ءᢴᙰࠀլ߻ֽΔՀॸࢨ൷२ֽᄭழࠌش௽ܑ՛֨Δ֊֎ݫᛘΖଣૉփຝᖲٙΕ

ᢴׂ֗ሽ՗ሿٙڂ࠹ᛘݫჾΔՕຟྤऄଥ෻Ζ

ᄵ৫ડ᧢ױ౨ᄎחᢴᙰ।૿ᕩ࿨ᣆ௛ࢨֽរΔڂڼڇ֚௛༃ܐழၞԵᄊࡉऱ৛

փᛩቼΔ່ړലᢴᙰ࣋ڇᢴᙰ๳փΔऴ۟ᢴᙰᄵ৫൷२৛ᄵ੡ַΖ

׽⃰شՊխ㧺ʳ 䣈

䣈

঴֫㡸քẊٲ呐ढ凝ऱټ 㲯 א֗ژڇᩓܡʳ

ڶ੅ڶ୭ढ凝ࢨցై

ຝٙټ㲯

卋

3E

+J

叏

&G

ք᪔卲

&U

ڍᖾ侶૖

3%%

ڍᄽԲ૖ㅘ

3%'(

؆㨆८㺉ຝٙ g Ũ Ũ Ũ Ũ Ũ

؆㨆䰵౟ຝٙ Ũ Ũ Ũ Ũ Ũ Ũ

ഗࣨຝٙ g Ũ Ũ Ũ Ũ Ũ

٠䝤ຝٙ Ũ Ũ Ũ Ũ Ũ Ũ

᫕ඳຝٙ Ũ Ũ Ũ Ũ Ũ Ũ

䩥

ࣹ

׽⃰شՊխ㧺

Ũ।ق具ڶ੅ڶ୭ढ凝ڇ具ຝٙࢬڶढ݁凝ޗறխऱܶၦ݁ڇ 6-7 䰬଱

億ࡳऱૻၦ૞ޣאՀΖ

g।ق具ڶ੅ڶ୭ढ凝ࠩڇ具ຝٙऱਬԫ݁凝ޗறխऱܶၦ၌נ 6-7

䰬଱億ࡳऱૻၦ૞ޣΖ

 ࢨ  䨞ݮܶ㠼 ڼ䰬兘ਢ⃰شՊڇխ㧺ቼ㡕历ഇऱ䶣՗允ஒ䣈঴ऱ㩾অࠌشཚૻΖ

ڼ䣈঴ࠌشृ׽૞ᙅښڜ٤ࡉࠌشՂऱࣹრࠃ咊Δ㡘س䣈հֲದऱԼڣࢨնڣཚ吗լ

㢸㢑㩾ቼۆ਩ΔՈլ㢸㢑Գߪࡉ凗䣈ທګૹՕᐙ㫠Ζ

խ֮ᎅࣔ஼

㐐Ἤ⫼ ⥀㪼⪰ Ạ㢹䚨㨰㊈㉐ ␴␜䢼 ᵄ㇠䚝⏼␘ ⸬ ㉘⮹㉐⪰ 㢱㡰㐔䟸 ⥀㪼㢌

ὤ⏙ 㦤㣅㼜Ἵㇵ㢌㨰㢌㥄㡸㥉䞉䚌᷀ 㢨䚨䚌㜠㇠㟝䚨㨰㐐Ὤ ⵈ⣁⏼␘ ❄䚐

⸬ ㉘⮹㉐⏈ ᴵ 㾨⮈⢰ ⫼㟨䏬ⷸ ḩ㟝㉘⮹㉐⦐ ╌㛨㢼㡰⮤ ⥀㪼䚡⯝⫼␘

㇠㟝䚌㐐⏈ 䚨␭ 㾨⮈⢰㢌㼜Ἵ㉘⮹㉐㝴䚜󰜍 㵬Ḕ䚌㐐Ὤ ⵈ⣁⏼␘

 ᷱḔ 㼜Ἵ ⺴㨰㢌⦐ ㇠㟝㣄ᴴ 䙰䚨⪰ 㢹㡸 ᴴ⏙㉥㢨㢼㏩⏼␘

Š⥀㪼⪰ 㣙㵝䚐㾨⮈⢰⦐ 䈐㛅 ⵃ ᵉ䚐 ṅ㉔㡸㡕㙼㡰⦐ 㫵㥅 ⸰ ⚀ 㐐⥙㣙㚔⪰

㸼⣌䚔㍌㢼㏩⏼␘ 䏭䢼 ⥀㪼⬀㡰⦐ 䈐㛅㡸㫵㥅 ⸰ ᷱ㟤㐘⮹㢌㠄㢬㢨 ╝⏼␘

 㨰㢌㼜Ἵ ⺴㨰㢌⦐ ㇠㟝㣄ᴴ 䙰䚨⪰ 㢹ᶤ⇌ Ɒ㫼㤵㋄䚨㢌 ⵐ㈑ᴴ⏙㉥㢨㢼㏩⏼␘

Š㚒◘ 㿕㡸 ⥀㪼⦐⺴䉤⺸⫠䚐㵸 ⵝ㾌䚌⮨ 䈐㛅ṅ㜄㢌䚌㜠㬅ṅ䜸ㇵ㢨 ⵐ㈑

䞈㣠㢌㠄㢬㢨 ╝⏼␘

Š⫼㟨䏬⺴⺸㡴 ⸩㣕䚐 Ạ㦤⦐ ╌㛨㢼㡰⳴⦐ 㦤㐠䚌㜠㼜Ἵ䚌㐐ὤ ⵈ⣁⏼␘

Šㇰᴵ␴⏈ ᵉ⓸ᴴ ⋆㡴㥐䖼㡸 Ề㣙䚝⏼␘ ᵉ⓸ᴴ 㚱䚐ㇰᴵ␴ ㇠㟝㐐㘤⤠㫼

㜰⥘ᴴ 㢼㏩⏼␘

ᴵ⺴㢌 ⮹㾡Ἤ⫰ 

Ĭ 䙸 䉤㋀䁇

ĭ 䔠䀘㏘ ⫵

Į ᶤ⫠䖐㐐

į 㫴䖐㉔

İ ⫼㟨䏬

ı 26 ㏘㠸㾌

Ĳ 䔠䀘㏘ ⯜☐ 㤸䞌㏘㠸㾌

ĳ 䔠䀘㏘㥐䚐㣙㾌

Ĵ 䏬⢰㢨䔠☐ ㋀䁇

ĵ ⥀㪼䟸☐

Ķ $36&G 䟸☐G 㛨⑅䉤

⏼䂌 $) 䇴㢹㾨⮈⢰

㢨 ⥀㪼㢌 ὤ⏙☘㡴*䇴㢹㦤⫠ᵐ ⫵㢨㛺⏈ 㝘䋔䔠䀘㏘ ⏼䂌 ⥀㪼㝴 ┍㢰

䚝⏼␘ 㾨⮈⢰㝴㢌㦤䚝㜄 ♤⢰ 㢰⺴ ὤ⏙☘㢌㥐䚐㢨㢼㡸㍌㢼㏩⏼␘ 㦴⒈

㣄㉬䚐 ⇨㟝㡴㾨⮈⢰㢌㇠㟝㉘⮹㉐⪰ 㵬㦤䚌㐐ὤ ⵈ⣁⏼␘

䓐䇵㏘ $) 䇴㢹㾨⮈⢰

㢨 ⥀㪼㢌 ὤ⏙☘㡴)$-䇴㢹㦤⫠ᵐ ⫵㢨㛺⏈ 㝘䋔䔠䀘㏘䓐䇵㏘ ⥀㪼㝴

┍㢰䚝⏼␘ 㾨⮈⢰㝴㢌㦤䚝㜄 ♤⢰ 㢰⺴ ὤ⏙☘㢌㥐䚐㢨㢼㡸㍌㢼㏩⏼␘

㦴⒈ 㣄㉬䚐 ⇨㟝㡴㾨⮈⢰㢌㇠㟝㉘⮹㉐⪰ 㵬㦤䚌㐐ὤ ⵈ⣁⏼␘

⥀㪼㢌㣙㵝ⵝⷉ

㾨⮈⢰㜄㣙㵝 㵝䇼ⵝⷉ㡴㇠㟝䚌㐐⏈ 㾨⮈⢰ 㥐㦤㇠㢌 ⥀㪼ẤḰ ┍㢰䚌⳴⦐

㾨⮈⢰ ㇠㟝㉘⮹㉐⪰ 㵬Ḕ䚌㐐ὤ ⵈ⣁⏼␘

Ŧ⫼㟨䏬 ⮨㜄⏈ 㦤⫠ᵐ 㜤┍㟝 $) 㜤┍㟝㣙㾌 ⵃ 㤸ὤ 㥅㥄 ☥㢨㢼㏩⏼␘ ㇵ㷌 ⵃ

㝘㜰㜄㢌䚌㜠㝘㣅┍ ⵃ Ḕ㣙㢌㠄㢬㢨 ╌⳴⦐ 㨰㢌 ⵈ⣁⏼␘

㦤⫠ᵐ ㉘㥉

㦤⫠ᵐ ㉘㥉ⵝⷉ㡴㋀㫴䚌Ḕ ᷸㐔㾨⮈⢰ 㥐㦤㇠㢌 ⥀㪼ẤḰ ┍㢰䚌⳴⦐ 㾨⮈⢰

㇠㟝㉘⮹㉐⪰ 㵬Ḕ䚌㐐ὤ ⵈ⣁⏼␘

㸼㥄

㢨 ⥀㪼⏈ 䚌㢨䒰㋀⏽ ⯜䉤+60㸼㢀䑀 ⯜䉤⪰㵸䈑䚌㜠 㐔㋁䚐㝘䋔

䔠䀘㏘㝴㣅┍㢀㢌㥐ᶤ⪰ 㐘䜸䚌㜴㏩⏼␘

䇶6,*0$$) 㝴 &$121$)䇷

㝘䋔䔠䀘㏘㣅┍㡸㠸䚨㉐⏈ ⥀㪼㢌䔠䀘㏘ ⯜☐ ㏘㠸㾌⪰³$)´ ⯜☐⦐

㉘㥉䚌㐐ὤ ⵈ⣁⏼␘ Ἤ⫰  䔠䀘㏘⪰ ㍌┍㡰⦐ ㉘㥉䚌㐐ὤ⪰ 㠄䚌㐘 ᷱ㟤

⥀㪼㢌䔠䀘㏘ ⯜☐ ㏘㠸㾌⪰³0´ ⯜☐⦐ ㉘㥉䚌㐐⮨ 䔠䀘㏘ ⫵㡸 ─⥘ 㸼㥄

㦤㥉㢨 ᴴ⏙䚝⏼␘

䇶1,.21$)3(17$;$) 㝴

621<䇷

㝘䋔䔠䀘㏘㣅┍㡸㠸䚨㉐⏈ 㾨⮈⢰⪰$)⯜☐⦐ ㉘㥉䚌㐔䟸 ⥀㪼㢌䔠䀘㏘

⯜☐ ㏘㠸㾌⪰³$)´ ⯜☐⦐ ㉘㥉䚌㐐ὤ ⵈ⣁⏼␘ Ἤ⫰  䔠䀘㏘⪰ ㍌┍㡰⦐

㉘㥉䚌㐐ὤ⪰ 㠄䚌㐘 ᷱ㟤 ⥀㪼㢌䔠䀘㏘ ⯜☐ ㏘㠸㾌⪰³0´ ⯜☐⦐

㉘㥉䚌㐐⮨ 䔠䀘㏘ ⫵㡸 ─⥘ 㸼㥄㦤㥉㢨 ᴴ⏙䚝⏼␘

Ŧ

㾨⮈⢰㢌䔠䀘㐥 ⯜☐⪰ ⷴᷱ䚌ὤ 㠸䚨㉐⏈ 㾨⮈⢰ ㇠㟝㉘⮹㉐⪰ 㵬㦤䚌㐐ὤ ⵈ⣁⏼␘



Ŧ⏼䂌 䓐䇵㏘ ㋀⏼ ⫼㟨䏬㢌 ᷱ㟤 㾨⮈⢰ ⵈ♈㜄㉐$) ⪰ 㫴㠄䚨㨰⏈ ⯜⒬㜄⬀

+60 Ḱ ᵍ㡴㸼㢀䑀 ⯜䉤ᴴ 㫴㠄╝⏼␘ 㾨⮈⢰ ⵈ♈㜄㉐㢨⤠䚐 ⯜䉤䇴㢹㡸

㫴㠄䚨㨰㫴㙾㡰⮨$)ὤ⏙㡴㣅┍╌㫴㙾㏩⏼␘

Ŧ㢨 ⥀㪼⏈$) 㜄㉘㥉═ ㇵ䈐㜄㉐ ⬘⎨㛰⦐ 䙴䏬 ⸨㥉㢨 ᴴ⏙䚝⏼␘ 㾨⮈⢰⪰21(

6+27 㝘䋔䔠䀘㏘㜄㉘㥉䚌㜠 䚝㥄䟸 ㊈䉤 ⶸ䏰㡸 ⵌ ㊈䉤ㇵ䈐㜄㉐䔠䀘㏘

⫵㡸 ─⥘ 䙴䏬⪰ ⬒㻙⏼␘

Ŧ䔠䀘㏘⫵㢨 ⱨ䚐␴㢌㠸㾌㜄㉐⓸ 㠄ᶤ⫠㜄㸼㥄㢨 ⬒㫴㙾㡸㍌⓸ 㢼㡰⳴⦐

䑀㢬⒈⪰ 䞉㢬䚌⮨㉐㹠㜵䚌㜠㨰㐡㐐㝘

㸼㥄㥐䚐㏘㠸㾌

㢨⥀㪼⏈$)ⷈ㠸⪰ 㥐䚐䚔㍌㢼⏈ 㸼㥄㥐䚜㏘㠸㾌ᴴ 㢼㏩⏼␘ Ἤ⫰ 

㙸⣌㢌㉬ᴴ㫴 ⯜☐⪰ ㉔䈑䚔㍌㢼㏩⏼␘



)8//Pa

Pa

PaP

㹠㜵 ⵤ㡜

⥀㪼㢌 ᷱ䋩㜄22㢨⢰Ḕ 䖐ὤ╌㛨㢼⏈ ㍌㾌⏈ Ἤ ᶤ⫠㜄㢼⏈ 㥅㇠ⵤ㡜㡸

⇌䇴⇹⏼␘G㢨ᶷ㡴䙸⪸ㇵ㜄 ⬮䢼⏈ ㇵ㢌䆠ὤ  䙰㇠㷨㢌㐘㥐䆠ὤ㢌

⽸㡜⦐ 䖐㐐╝⏼␘ 㜼⪰☘⮨G ⵤ㡜 㡴 FP 㢌䙰㇠㷨ᴴ 㢨⴬㫴㉰㉐⇌

䙸⪸ㇵ㜄FP⦐ ㇵ㢨 ⬮䢼⏈ ᶷ㡸 ⇌䇴⇹⏼␘ OἬ⫰ PG

262SWLFDO6WDELOL]HU 䏭㬉

26 2SWLFDO 6WDELOL]HU ⥀㪼⏈ 㾨⮈⢰㢌䢈☘⫰㜄㢌䚨 ⇌䇴⇌⏈ 㢨⴬㫴䢄⫰

䜸ㇵ㡸䟜Ḱ㤵㡰⦐ ⸨㥉䚨㩁⏼␘ 㢨 ⥀㪼㢌 26 ὤ⏙㡸㢨㟝䚌⮨ ㇠㟝䚌㫴

㙾㡸 ⚀⸨␘ 㚱 ㏘䊑⾔⪬ ㊈䉤㏘䙰☐⪰ 䞉⸨䚔㍌㢼㛨㉔⮹䚐㢨⴬㫴⪰

㛯㡰㐘㍌㢼㏩⏼␘

26ஂ2SWLFDO 6WDELOL]HUஃ㏘㠸㾌⪰ 0RGH  Ἤ⫰  㜄 ⋇㏩⏼␘ ⵌ㊈䉤⪰

⌸⪨Ḕ ⼤䑀㢬⒈㢌㢨⴬㫴ᴴ 㙼㥉㤵㢬㫴䞉㢬㡸䚐䟸㹠㜵㡸䚝⏼␘ ⵌ

㊈䉤⪰ ⌸⪬

䟸 㙼㥉㤵㢬㢨⴬㫴⪰ 㜤㻐䚌⏈ ⒤㜄⏈ 㚱 㸼ᴴ ㋀㟈╝⏼␘

0RGH  ⏈ ㍌㫵㡰⦐㢌㾨⮈⢰ 䢈☘⫰㡸 ᵄ㫴䚨䢈☘⫰㡸 ⸨㥉䚨㩁⏼␘

㾨⮈⢰㜄 ␴䚨㍌䓽㡰⦐ 㟴㫵㢨⏈ 䙰㇠㷨㜄䟜Ḱ㤵㢹⏼␘

Ŧ26 㢌䢈☘⫰ ⸨㥉 ὤ⏙㡴㋄㡰⦐ 㣕Ḕ 㹠㜵㡸䚔 ⚀ 䟜Ḱ㤵㢹⏼␘ ␘㢀㢌

㦤ᶨ㜄㉐26⏈ 㤵㤼䚌᷀ 㣅┍䚌㫴㙾㡸㍌㢼㏩⏼␘

ŀ 㟴㫵㢨⏈ 㣄┍㵜㜄㉐㹠㜵ŀ 㾨⮈⢰㢌㟴㫵㢸㢨⇌ 䢈☘⫰㢨ㇵ␭䢼䆨 ⚀

Ŧ␘㢀㢌ㇵ䞝㜄㉐⏈26⪰ ㇠㟝䚌㫴 ⫼㐡㐐㝘

ŀ ⥀㪼⪰ 䏬⢰㢨䔠☐㜄㣙㵝䚨㇠㟝䚔 ⚀   ŀ ⷀ⽀㹠㜵㐐⊬㻐㐐ᴸ㢨 Ὤ ⚀

Ŧ26 ὤ⏙㡴㾨⮈⢰ 㤸㠄㡰⦐ 㣅┍╝⏼␘ 㾨⮈⢰㜄26⥀㪼⪰ 㣙㵝䚨26ὤ⏙㢨

䞐㉥䞈 ╌㛨㢼⏈ ᷱ㟤 ┍㢰䚐㾨⮈⢰㜄㤸䋩㤵㢬 ⥀㪼⪰ 㣙㵝䚼㡸 ⚀⸨␘ 㹠㜵

ᴴ⏙ 㐐ᴸ㢨㨸㛨☘ ᶷ㢹⏼␘ 26 ὤ⏙㡸㇠㟝䚌㫴㙾㡸 ⚀㜄⏈ ⵤ䉤⫠㢌㋀⯜⪰

㨸㢨ὤ 㠸䚨 26 ㏘㠸㾌⪰2)) ⦐ 䚨㨰㐐ὤ ⵈ⣁⏼␘

Ŧ

㾨⮈⢰㜄 ⥀㪼⪰ 㣙㵝䚌ὤ 㤸㜄



㏘㠸㾌ᴴ

2))

㠸㾌㜄㢼⏈㫴䞉㢬䚨㨰㐐ὤ ⵈ⣁⏼␘



Ŧ⊬㻐᷸㜄 ⊬㻐 ᵆ㢨䖐㐐╌⏈ 䚐㊈䉤 ⶸ䏰㡸 ⋇㡴䟸㜄⓸26ὤ⏙㡴 ᷸㋁

㣅┍䚝⏼␘ 26 ὤ⏙㢨㣅┍䚌⏈ ┍㙼㜄⏈ 㤼␴⦐ ⥀㪼⪰ ⺸⫠䚌ᶤ⇌ 㾨⮈⢰㢌

ⵤ䉤⫠⪰ ⺸⫠䚌㫴 ⫼㐡㐐㝘 Ἤ⤻᷀ 䚔 ᷱ㟤 ⥀㪼㜄㋄ㇵ㡸㨸㍌㢼㏩⏼␘

Ŧ㹠㜵䟸㾨⮈⢰ ⇨㣙䙀⣌㐐㢌㻝㤸㢨㐐㣅╔ ⚀ ⼤䑀㢬⒈ 㢨⴬㫴ᴴ 䢈☘⥘㉐

⇌䇴⇌⒈⢰⓸ 㢨⴬㫴㜄⏈ 㙸ⱨ⤤ 㜵䛙⓸ 㨰㫴㙾㡸 ᶷ㢹⏼␘

Ŧ26 ὤ⏙㢨㣅┍䚌⏈ ┍㙼㾨⮈⢰ 㤸㠄㢨 ῰㫴ᶤ⇌ ⥀㪼ᴴ ⺸⫠╔ ᷱ㟤 ⥀㪼㜄㉐⏈

㋀㢀㢨 ⵐ㈑䚔㍌㢼㡰⇌ 㝘㣅┍㡴㙸␍⏼␘

Ŧ㋀⏼ 䓐䇵㏘ ⫼㟨䏬 ⥀㪼㢌 ᷱ㟤㾨⮈⢰ ⵈ♈㜄㉐+60 Ḱ ᵍ㡴㸼㢀䑀 Ḕ㋁ ⯜䉤⪰

㫴㠄䚨㨰㛨㚰⬀ ⥀㪼㜄䈅㣠═26 ὤ⏙㡸㇠㟝䚔㍌㢼㏩⏼␘ 26 ὤ⏙㡸㇠㟝䚔

⚀⏈ 㾨⮈⢰ ⵈ♈㢌㋄ ⛜⫰ ⵝ㫴 ὤ⏙㡸 ⅸḔ ⥀㪼㢌 26 ㏘㠸㾌⪰21 㡰⦐

㉘㥉䚝⏼␘ 㾨⮈⢰ ⵈ♈㢌㋄ ⛜⫰ ⵝ㫴 ὤ⏙㡸㇠㟝䚔 ⚀⏈ ⥀㪼㢌26㏘㠸㾌⪰

2)) ⦐ 䚐䟸㾨⮈⢰㢌㋄ ⛜⫰ ⵝ㫴 ὤ⏙㡸21㡰⦐ ㉘㥉䚝⏼␘

Ŧ⬀㚱㢨 ⥀㪼⪰ .21,&$0,12/7$'<1$;0$;;80''<1$;0$;;80' 䝭㡴

621< $ 㾨⮈⢰㝴㘤㐔␘⮨ 㾨⮈⢰ ⵈ♈⪰ ⅸ㐐ὤ 㤸㜄 ⥀㪼㜄 26 ㏘㠸㾌⪰

῰㨰㐐ὤ ⵈ⣁⏼␘ ⥀㪼㢌 26 ⮈䀘⏼㫌㡸 ⅸὤ 㤸㜄㾨⮈⢰ ⵈ♈⪰ ῰ⶸ⫠⮨

⥀㪼㢌26 㡔␏㢨㥐㣄⫠㜄 Ḕ㥉╌㫴㙾㡸 ᶷ㢹⏼␘ 㢨 ᷱḔ⪰ ⱨ㐐䚌⮨ ⥀㪼㜄

ⱨ⫠ᴴ ᴼ ㍌㢼㏩⏼␘

Ŧ⏼䂌Ḱ 㿄⊰ ⫼㟨䏬㢌 ᷱ㟤 ⏼䂌)Ḱ㿄⊰(269 ⪰ 㥐㞬䚐䙸⪸ 6/5

㾨⮈⢰㝴⏈ 26 ὤ⏙㢨㣅┍╌㫴㙾㏩⏼␘

䏬⢰㢨䔠☐ ㋀䁇

㢨 ⥀㪼㜄⏈ 䇼⺴㵝 ᴴ⏙䚐䏬⢰㢨䔠☐ ㋀䁇㢨㢼㏩⏼␘ ㇠㟝㣄ᴴ 㾰⢰㢌㣔Ἴ

㋄㣕㢨⪰ 䖴⮨ ⥀㪼㝴㾨⮈⢰⪰ 㣄㡔⦡᷀ 㟴㫵㜠 㾨⮈⢰⪰ ㍌䓽㢨⇌ ㍌㫵

㠸㾌⦐ ⬒㻐㍌㢼㏩⏼␘Ἤ⫰ 

⥀㪼㜄㉐䏬⢰㢨䔠☐ 㾰⢰⪰ 㥐ᶤ䚌⥘⮨ ⭰㤴㣔Ἴ ㋄㣕㢨⪰ 䖴Ḕ Ἤ ␘㢀

␭ὤ㐐⮨ ╝⏼␘Ἤ⫰ 

䙀⣌㐐㹠㜵

㾨⮈⢰㜄 Ḕ㥉═ 䙀⣌㐐⪰ ㇠㟝䚌㐐⮨ Ἤ⫰㣄ᴴ ⵐ㈑䚝⏼␘ Ḕ㥉䝉䙀⣌㐐⪰

㇠㟝䚌㫴 ⫼㐐Ḕ 㞬㣙䝉䙀⣌㐐⬀ ㇠㟝䚌㐐ὤ ⵈ⣁⏼␘

䊈⤼ 䀜ⶸ䉤㜄 ␴䚌㜠

㢨 ⥀㪼⪰ 㐐Ἤ⫼㢌[(;⇌ [(;'*$327HOH&RQYHUWHUV㉔䈑㇠㛅

㝴䚜󰜍㇠㟝䚔ᷱ㟤 ᴵᴵ PP ) ⬑㠄 ⥀㪼⇌ PP ) ⬑㠄

⥀㪼⦐㒜㇠㟝䚔㍌㢼㏩⏼␘

Ŧ㠸㜄㛬Ἵ═ 䊈⤼ 䀜ⶸ䉤㢨㞬㢌 ᶷ㡴㇠㟝䚌㫴 ⫼㐡㐐㝘

Ŧ'6/5 㾨⮈⢰㝴䚜󰜍 ㇠㟝䚔 ᷱ㟤 㤴䢠⏈'*ⶸ㤸㢌 $32 7HOH &RQYHUWHU ⪰䚜󰜍

㇠㟝䚌㐐Ὤ Ề㣙䚝⏼␘

Ŧ䓐䇵㏘ ⫼㟨䏬䊈⤼ 䀜ⶸ䉤⏈ 䏭㥉 ⥀㪼㝴⏈ 䝬䞌╌㫴㙾㏩⏼␘

Ŧ$32[(;'* 䊈⤼ 䀜ⶸ䉤⪰ 㣙㵝䚔 ⚀ ⬘⎨㛰䔠䀘㏘⬀ ㇠㟝䚔㍌㢼㏩⏼␘

Ŧ

$32[

䊈⤼ 䀜ⶸ䉤㝴䚜󰜍

$)

⏈ ⱨ䚐␴㜄㉐

P

㇠㢨㜄㉐㣅┍㐐䇠㍌㢼㏩⏼␘



ᶤ⫠ 䖐㐐᷸ᴴ P 㝴P㇠㢨㜄㢼⏈ ᷱ㟤0) ⬀ 㢨㟝䚔㍌㢼㏩⏼␘

Ŧ$32 䊈⤼ 䀜ⶸ䉤⪰ 㣙㵝䚔 ⚀ 䔠䀘㏘ ⫠⴬䉤⏈ ㏘㠸㾌㢌㠸㾌ᴴ ⷴᷱ ╌⒈⢰⓸

㣅┍䚌㫴㙾㏩⏼␘ 㾨⮈⢰ᴴ³䂌䏬⢰㏘䏬 ᵄ㫴´ $) ⦐╌㛨㢼㡰⮨⢰㢨⽀⼤⪰

㇠㟝䚔㍌㢼㏩⏼␘

Ŧ㋀⏼$)⫼㟨䏬㢌 ᷱ㟤㐐⫠㛰ⶼ䝬  㢨ㇵ㢌䊈⤼ 䀜ⶸ䉤⪰ 㣙㵝䚔 ᷱ㟤$)

ᴴ 㣅┍╔ ᶷ㢹⏼␘ Ἤ⤠⇌ 㐐⫠㛰ⶼ䝬  㙸⣌㢌䊈⤼ 䀜ⶸ䉤⪰ 㣙㵝䚔 ᷱ㟤

$) ⏈ 㣅┍╌㫴㙾㡸 ᶷ㢹⏼␘

Ŧ㾨⮈⢰㜄 µFRQWUDVW GHWHFW¶ $) ⯜☐ᴴ 㢼㡰⮨ ⢰㢨⽀⼤⪰ 䋩䚨㝘䋔䔠䀘㏘⪰

㇠㟝䚌㐘㍌㢼㏩⏼␘

⥀㪼䟸☐

㥐ᶤᴴ ᴴ⏙䚐 ⷔ㟈≫ 䇴㢹㢌䟸☐ᴴ ⥀㪼㝴䚜󰜍 㥐ḩ╝⏼␘ 㢨 ⥀㪼䟸☐⏈

㣕ṅ㜄㢌䚐䙀⤼㛨㝴 Ḕ㏘䏬䜸ㇵ㡸 ⫽㙸㩁⏼␘ 䟸☐⪰ ↰㟤Ḕ ─㙸ᴴ㫴㙾㡸

⚀ᾀ㫴㐐᷸ⵝ䛙㡰⦐ ─⥘㩁⏼␘Ἤ⫰ 

Ŧ$36& 䟸☐ 㛨⑅䉤ᴴ ⥀㪼㝴䚜󰜍 ḩἽ╝⏼␘ 㢨㤸㟝䟸☐⪰ $36& ㇠㢨㪼㢌

㢨⴬㫴㉰㉐⪰ ᴴ㫸 ♈㫴䉬㾨⮈⢰㝴㇠㟝䚔 ⚀ ⒈ 䟜Ḱ㤵㡰⦐ ⾏㡸㵜␜䚨㩁⏼␘

$36& 䟸☐ 㛨⑅䉤⪰ ⥀㪼 ⵈ♈㝴 ⥀㪼䟸☐ ㇠㢨㜄 ↰㠀㨰㐡㐐㝘Ἤ⫰ 

Ŧ㢨 ⥀㪼⪰ 䖴䘸⤼㢸 ♈㫴䉬㾨⮈⢰⇌ $36+ ㇠㢨㪼㢌㢨⴬㫴㉰㉐䝭㡴䙸⪸

㾨⮈⢰㝴㇠㟝䚔 ⚀$36&䟸☐ 㛨⑅䉤⪰ ㇠㟝䚌㫴 ⫼㐡㐐㝘 ⬀㚱㠸㜄㛬Ἵ═

㾨⮈⢰㜄 $36& 䟸☐ 㛨⑅䉤⪰ ㇠㟝䚐␘⮨ ⽸≘䐹䜸ㇵ㢨㢰㛨⇔ ᶷ㢹⏼␘

Ŧ⥀㪼㝴䟸☐⪰ ⸨Ḵ 䀴㢨㏘㜄 ≗㡰⥘⮨ ⭰㤴䟸☐⪰ 㥐ᶤ䚨㚰⬀ 䚝⏼␘ Ἤ␨㜄

䟸☐⪰ ᶤ⃬⦐ ⥀㪼㠸㜄㝠⥘ ⋇㙸㚰䚝⏼␘Ἤ⫰ $36& 䟸☐ 㛨⑅䉤ᴴ ⥀㪼

↑㜄⻍㛨㢼㛨⓸ ⥀㪼䟸☐⪰ ᶤ⃬⦐ ␠ᶤ⇌$36&䟸☐ 㛨⑅䉤㢌 ↑㜄䘸⤤䏬

⥀㪼㿕㡸 ␠ ㍌㢼㏩⏼␘

䙸䉤㇠㟝

Ŧ

䙸䉤⏈ 㠄㾍㤵㡰⦐



ᵐ⬀ ㇠㟝䚌㜠㨰㐡㐐㝘



䞈⮨㨰ⷴ ṅ⣽㤴䚌 ⵝ㫴⪰ 㠸䚌㜠



Ŧ$) 㾨⮈⢰ ⵃ 㽕ṅ㡸㠸䚌㜠䚌䘸⴬⤠⪰ ㇠㟝䚌⏈ 㾨⮈⢰㜄㉐䓬ṅ䙸䉤⪰

㇠㟝䚔 ᷱ㟤㠄䓬ṅ䙸䉤&3/⪰ ㇠㟝䚌㜠㨰㐡㐐㝘

⊬㻐 ⸨㥉

⥀㪼 ⵤ⤨㢌䞉㣙 ⚀ⱬ㜄䔠䀘㏘⪰ ⬒㻐 ⚀ ⫼䆠⦐ ⥀㪼㢌)≌ⶸ⏈ ⷴᷱ╌⮤

6/5 䇴㢹㾨⮈⢰ ⵈ♈⏈ 㣄┍㡰⦐ 㢨⪰ ⸨㥉䚝⏼␘ ㇠㟝㣄ᴴ 㞬㣙 ⊬㻐᷸⇌

77/ 䇴㢹㢨㙸␀ 䙀⣌㐐⪰ ㇠㟝䚔 ᷱ㟤㇠㟝㣄⏈ ἰ㥅 ᶤ⫠㜄㉐ ⊬㻐 ⸨㥉㡸

䚨㚰䚝⏼␘䖐 

Ḵ⫠ 㼜Ἵㇵ㢌㨰㢌

Ŧ㏩ὤ⏈ Ḥ䑕㢨 ⵃ ㇤䞈㢌㠄㢬㢨 ╝⏼␘ 㣙ὤᴸ ㇠㟝䚌㫴㙾㡸 ᷱ㟤 ᶨ㦤㥐㝴䚜󰜍

ⴴ⸽ᴴ⏙䚐㟝ὤ㜄 ≗㛨 ⸨Ḵ䚌㜠㨰㐡㐐㝘 ⇌䘸䇼⥀ ☥ ⵝ㻝㥐ᴴ 㢼⏈ ḧ㜄㉐䚜󰜍

⸨Ḵ䚌㫴 ⬄㙸㨰㐡㐐㝘

Ŧ⥀㪼 ⮨㡸㫵㥅㋄㡰⦐ ⬀㫴㫴 ⬄㙸㨰㐡㐐㝘 ⭰㫴 ⵃ 㝘㜰㐐㜄⏈ 㜄㛨⽈⦐㛨 ⵃ

⥀㪼⽈⤠㐐⦐ 㷡㋀䚌㜠㨰㐡㐐㝘



㫴ⱬ ☥㡴㐐䑄䚌Ḕ 㢼⏈ ⥀㪼䆨⫠∼ 㚕Ḱ ⥀㪼䆨⫠␑

䓌㢨䒰⦐ ᴴ⸁᷀ ␚㙸㨰㐡㐐㝘 ␘⪬ 㡔ὤ㟝㥐⦐⏈ 㤼␴ ⥀㪼㷡㋀⪰ Ἴ䚝⏼␘

Ŧ㢨 ⥀㪼⏈ ⵝ㍌Ạ㦤ᴴ 㙸⏼⳴⦐ 㟤㷐 ⵃ Ɒᴴ 㨰㠸㜄㉐㇠㟝㐐 Ɒὤ㜄㥊㫴㙾⓸⦑

㨰㢌 ⵈ⣁⏼␘

ŦἽᷝ䚐㝜⓸ ⷴ䞈㜄㢌䚨 ⥀㪼 ⇨⺴㜄 Ɒⵝ㟬㢨 ⵐ㈑䚌⳴⦐ 㵜ᴴ㟨㞬⺴㜄㉐ ♤⡯䚐

㐘⇨⦐ 㢨┍ 㐐㜄⏈ 䀴㢨㏘ ⵃ ⽸␄⸽䍠㜄 ≗㛨㨰㠸㝜⓸㜄 ⬒㻈㛨㇠㟝䚌㐐ὤ ⵈ⣁⏼␘

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㇠㟝G ㉘⮹㉐

Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɢɦ ɜɚɫ ɡɚ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɮɢɪɦɵ 6LJPD ɑɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ ɨɬ

ɜɚɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ6LJPDɩɨɠɚɥɭɣɫɬɚ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɣɬɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ

ɈɉɂɋȺɇɂȿ ɑȺɋɌȿɃ ɈȻɔȿɄɌɂȼȺɊɂɋ

ĬɊɟɡɶɛɚ ɩɨɞ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ

ĭɎɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɶɰɨ

Įɒɤɚɥɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ

į

Ʌɢɧɢɹ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɤɢ

ɢ ɮɨɤɭɫɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ

İȻɚɣɨɧɟɬ

ıɉɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɶ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ

ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ26

Ĳɉɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɶ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ

ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɤɢ

ĳɈɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɟɥɶ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ

ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɤɢ

Ĵɉɥɨɳɚɞɤɚ ɩɨɞ ɲɬɚɬɢɜ

ĵȻɥɟɧɞɚ

ĶȺɞɚɩɬɟɪ ɛɥɟɧɞɵ ɞɥɹ

ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ

ɤɚɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɫ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɨɦ

ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚ$36&

ȾɅə ɄȺɆȿɊ ɌɂɉȺ1,.21$)

Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɮɢɪɦɵ 1LNRQ ɫɟɪɢɢ * ɛɟɡ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ

ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɨɣ ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ

ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɨɦ

ȾɅə ɄȺɆȿɊ ɌɂɉȺ3(17$;$)

Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɮɢɪɦɵ3HQWD[ɫɟɪɢɢ)$-ɛɟɡ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ

ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɨɣ ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ

ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɭɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɨɦ

ɄɊȿɉɅȿɇɂȿ Ʉ ɄȺɆȿɊȿ

Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜ6LJPDɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ ɨɧ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ

ɨɛɵɱɧɵɣ ɪɨɞɧɨɣɲɬɚɬɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜ

Ŧɇɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɚɣɨɧɟɬɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɵ ɉɪɨɫɢɦ

ɜɚɫ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɜ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɟ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ

ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ ȼɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɣɬɟɱɬɨɜɵ

ɫɬɚɜɢɬɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜ ɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɤɨɧɰɨɦ ɜɧɢɡ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɦɟɧɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ

ɍɋɌȺɇɈȼɄȺ ɊȿɀɂɆȺ ɈɌɊȺȻɈɌɄɂ ɗɄɋɉɈɁɂɐɂɂ

Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜ6LJPDɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ ɨɧ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ

ɨɛɵɱɧɵɣ ɪɨɞɧɨɣɲɬɚɬɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɋɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɤ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ

ɎɈɄɍɋɂɊɈȼɄȺ

ȼ ɷɬɨɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧ Ƚɢɩɟɪ Ɂɜɭɤɨɜɨɣ Ɇɨɬɨɪ+\SHU6RQLF0RWRU+60ɗɬɨɬ ɦɨɬɨɪ

ɞɚɺɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɣ ɢ ɛɟɫɲɭɦɧɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɤɢ

䇶

6,*0$$)ɢ&$121$)

䇷

ɑɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɚɜɬɨɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɶ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ

ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ $)ɪɢɫ Ⱦɥɹ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɪɭɱɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ±

ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɧɶɬɟ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɶ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ Ɇ Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɜɵ

ɦɨɠɟɬɟ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɪɚɳɚɹ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɶɰɨ

䇶

1,.21$)3(17$;$)ɢ621<$)

䇷

ɑɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɚɜɬɨɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɶ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ

ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ $) ɪɢɫ Ⱦɥɹ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɪɭɱɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ±

ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɧɶɬɟ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɶ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ Ɇ Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɜɵ

ɦɨɠɟɬɟ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɪɚɳɚɹ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɶɰɨ

ŦɁɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɟɫɶ ɤ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɤ ɜɚɲɟɣ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ

ŦɈɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɫ ɛɚɣɨɧɟɬɨɦ 1LNRQ 3HQWD[ ɢ 6RQ\ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ

ɚɜɬɨɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɤɚɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɟ ɦɨɬɨɪɵ

ɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɤɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɜɨɞ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɞɥɹ+60ȿɫɥɢ ɤɚɦɟɪɚ ɧɟ

ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɜɨɞ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɜɨɞɤɚ ɧɚ

ɪɟɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɚ

ɤɚɦɟɪɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɨɞɧɨɤɚɞɪɨɜɨɣ ɫɴɺɦɤɢ ɑɬɨɛɵ ɫɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ

ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ ɧɚɞɨ ɞɨɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɤɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɚɜɬɨɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ

ɩɨɥɭ ɩɪɢɠɚɬɢɹ ɤɧɨɩɤɢ ɫɩɭɫɤɚ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɚ

Ŧȼɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɦɨɤ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɧɟ ɜɪɚɳɚɣɬɟ

ɤɨɥɶɰɨ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɤɢ

ɈȽɊȺɇɂɑɂɌȿɅɖ ȾɂɋɌȺɇɐɂɂ ɎɈɄɍɋɂɊɈȼɄɂ

Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɢɜ ɫɧɚɛɠɺɧ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ

ɥɢɦɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɮɨɤɭɫɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟɪɢɫ

ȼɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɬɪɺɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ

ɉɨɥɧɵɣ )8//ɦa Đ

ɦa Đ

ɦaɦ

ɍȼȿɅɂɑȿɇɂȿ

Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ³[[´ ɧɚ ɲɤɚɥɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɸɬ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛ ɫɴɟɦɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ

ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɟɫɥɢ ɧɚ ɲɤɚɥɟ

ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ  ɩɪɢ ɫɴɟɦɤɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ

ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ  ɫɦ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɟɧɤɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ

ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦɫɦɪɢɫ

ȼɈɁɆɈɀɇɈɋɌɂ ɈɉɌɂɑȿɋɄɈȽɈ ɋɌȺȻɂɅɂɁȺɌɈɊȺ26

Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɢɜ ɫɧɚɛɠɺɧ Ɉɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɋɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɦ26 ɞɥɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ

ɫɦɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɨɬɪɹɫɟɧɢɣ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ

Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɭ ɜɵ ɫɦɨɠɟɬɟ ɞɨɛɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɟɡɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ

ɩɪɢ ɫɴɺɦɤɟ ɫ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɚɦɢ ɧɚ  ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɜɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ

ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜ ɛɟɡ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ

ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɶ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ26ɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ0RGHɪɢɫ

ɇɚɠɦɢɬɟ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ ɫɩɭɫɤɚ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɚ ɧɚɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ ɢ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɫɶ

ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɬɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ

ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɧɚɠɦɢɬɟ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ ɫɩɭɫɤɚ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɚ Ɉɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ

ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ  ɫɟɤɭɧɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɠɚɬɢɹ

ɤɧɨɩɤɢ ɫɩɭɫɤɚ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɚ ɧɚɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭȼ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ0RGHɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ

ɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɬɪɹɫɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɗɬɨɬ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɟɧ ɞɥɹ

ɫɴɺɦɤɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɞɜɢɝɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ

ŦɄɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɹ ɫɞɜɢɝɨɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɴɺɦɤɟ

ɫ ɪɭɤ ȼ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɢɠɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ

ɧɟɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ

ƒ ɋɴɺɦɤɚ ɫ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɹ

ƒ ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɬɪɹɫɟɧɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɞɜɢɝɨɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ

Ŧɇɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɣɬɟ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ

ƒ ȿɫɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɺɧ ɧɚ ɲɬɚɬɢɜɟ   ƒ ɉɪɢ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɞɟɪɤɚɯ

ŦɈɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɩɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɧɚ

ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜ ɫ ɜɤɥɸɱɺɧɧɵɦ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɹ

ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɫɥɢ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦ

ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɨɦ ȿɫɥɢ ɧɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ

ɩɟɪɟɦɟɫɬɢɬɟ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɶ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ2))ȼɵɤɥɸɱɟɧ

ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɢɡɥɢɲɧɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɛɚɬɚɪɟɣ

Ŧɉɪɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɧɹɬɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɫ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɫɶ ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɶ

ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ2)) 

Ŧȿɫɥɢ ɜɵ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɢɥɢ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ ɫɩɭɫɤɚ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɭɧɚɠɚɬɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ

ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ ɩɨɤɚ ɞɢɫɩɥɟɣ

ɮɨɬɨɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ȼɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ

ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɧɟ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɣɬɟ ɛɚɬɚɪɟɣ ɢɡ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɧɢɦɚɣɬɟ ɫ ɧɟɺ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜ ɟɫɥɢ

ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ

Ŧɇɟ ɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɜɤɥɸɱɺɧɧɵɦ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ

ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ

ɫɴɺɦɤɢ ɤɚɞɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɡɚɪɹɞɤɢ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɭ ɜɫɩɵɲɤɢ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ

ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɦɵɯ ɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɹɯ

Ŧȿɫɥɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɟɤɬɢɜ ɛɵɥ ɫɧɹɬ ɫ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ

ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɞɪɟɛɟɡɠɚɳɢɣ ɡɜɭɤ

ɗɬɨɬ ɡɜɭɤ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɦ ɧɟɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ

ŦȾɥɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɫ ɛɚɣɨɧɟɬɨɦ 6RQ\ ɢ 3HQWD[ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ

ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ26ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚɦɢ ɫɨ

ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɨɦ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ

ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ 26 ɜɵɤɥɸɱɢɬɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɮɨɬɨɤɚɦɟɪɟ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟ

ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ 26 ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ 21 ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ

ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɮɨɬɨɤɚɦɟɪɭ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ

ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ

2))

ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɮɨɬɨɤɚɦɟɪɟ

Ŧɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɫ ɮɨɬɨɤɚɦɟɪɚɦɢ .21,&$ 0,12/7$ '<1$; 

0$;;80 ' '<1$;  0$;;80 ' RU 621< $ ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣɫɬɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟ

ɬɟɦ ɤɚɤ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɤɚɦɟɪɭ Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ

ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢɢ ɟɫɥɢ ɤɚɦɟɪɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ

ɱɟɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɟɧ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɂɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɷɬɨɣ

ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɜɥɟɱɶ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ

Ŧɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɜ ɛɚɣɨɧɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹɯ 1LNRQ ɢ &DQRQɫ

ɩɥɟɧɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ 26 ɛɭɞɟɬ

ɧɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɚɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ)ɢ&DQRQ(269

ɉɅɈɓȺȾɄȺ ɉɈȾ ɒɌȺɌɂȼ

Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜ ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧ ɫɴɺɦɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɨɣ ɩɨɞ ɲɬɚɬɢɜ ɑɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɭ

ɢ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟɭɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɴɺɦɤɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɲɬɚɬɢɜɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɫɥɚɛɢɬɶ

ɜɢɧɬ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɭɱɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɧɭɬɶ ɜ ɧɭɠɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢɪɢɫ

ɑɬɨɛɵ ɫɧɹɬɶ ɨɛɪɭɱ ɫ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɨɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɫɥɚɛɢɬɶ ɜɢɧɬ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɢ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɶ ɟɝɨ ɢɡ

ɨɛɪɭɱɚɪɢɫ

ɎɈɌɈȽɊȺɎɂɊɈȼȺɇɂȿ ɋɈ ȼɋɉɕɒɄɈɃ

ȼɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɫɩɵɲɤɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɨɦ Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ

ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɧɶ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɧɢɦɤɚ Ⱦɥɹ

ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɥɭɱɲɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣɫɬɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɣɬɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɸɸ ɜɫɩɵɲɤɭ

ɎɈɌɈȽɊȺɎɂɊɈȼȺɇɂȿ ɋ ɄɈɇȼȿɊɌȿɊȺɆɂ

ɗɬɨɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪɚɦɢ

6LJPD $32 7HOH &RQYHUWHU [ (; '* ɢɥɢ [ (; '* ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɟ

ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɨɜ$)PP)ɢPP)ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ

Ŧɇɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɣɬɟ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪɵ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜ

ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪɚɦɢ6LJPD

ŦɆɵ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ'*$327HOH&RQYHUWHUɫ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɦɢ ɡɟɪɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ

ɤɚɦɟɪɚɦɢ

ŦɌɟɥɟɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪ ɫ ɛɚɣɨɧɟɬɨɦ3HQWD[ɧɟ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɡɨɣ

Ŧɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪɚ $32 [ 7HOH &RQYHUWHU (; '* ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɤɚ

ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɪɭɱɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ

Ŧɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪɚ $32 [ 7HOH &RQYHUWHU ɚɜɬɨɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɤɚ

ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ ɫɴɟɦɤɢ ɨɬ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɦ ɇɚ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ

ɫɴɟɦɤɢ ɨɬɦ ɞɨɦ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɪɭɱɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ

Ŧɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪɨɜ $32 7HOH &RQYHUWHUV ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɮɨɤɭɫɚ

ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɤɧɨɩɤɢ ȼ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ /LYH

9LHZɚɜɬɨɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɤɚɦɟɪɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ

ɚɜɬɨɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɞɟɬɟɤɰɢɢ

Ŧȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪɚ ɫ ɛɚɣɨɧɟɬɨɦ 6RQ\ $) ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ

ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɟɫɥɢ ɫɟɪɢɣɧɵɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɱɟɦ

ȿɫɥɢ ɫɟɪɢɣɧɵɣ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɟɪɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɚɜɬɨɮɨɤɭɫ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ

Ŧȼ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɠɢɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɚ/LYH9LHZɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɤɢ

ɟɫɥɢ ɤɚɦɟɪɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɚɜɬɨɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɞɟɬɟɤɰɢɢ

ȻɅȿɇȾȺ ɈȻɔȿɄɌɂȼȺ

ȼ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɴɟɦɧɚɹ ɛɥɟɧɞɚ ɫ ɛɚɣɨɧɟɬɧɵɦ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ

Ɉɧɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɚɟɬ ɛɥɢɤɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɬɶ

ɫɧɢɦɤɢ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɡɢɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɫɜɟɬɤɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɥɭɱɚɦɢ ɑɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɢɬɶ

ɛɥɟɧɞɭ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟ ɟɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜ ɢ ɞɨ ɭɩɨɪɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɱɚɫɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɪɟɥɤɢɪɢɫ

Ŧȼ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɚɞɚɩɬɟɪ ɛɥɟɧɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ

ɤɚɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɫ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɨɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚ$36& Ⱥɞɚɩɬɟɪ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɨɦ

ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɢ ɛɥɟɧɞɨɣ ɪɢɫ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɶ

ɩɚɪɚɡɢɬɧɭɸ ɡɚɫɜɟɬɤɭ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɤɚɞɪɨɜɵɦɢ ɤɚɦɟɪɚɦɢ

Ŧȼɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɜɢɧɶɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɚɞɚɩɬɟɪ ɫ ɩɥɟɧɨɱɧɵɦɢ

ɤɚɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɤɚɞɪɨɜɵɦɢ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɦɢ ɡɟɪɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɦɢ

ɤɚɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɫ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɨɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚ$36+

Ŧɑɬɨɛɵ ɭɛɪɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜ ɢ ɛɥɟɧɞɭ ɜ ɱɟɯɨɥ ɞɥɹ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɧɹɬɶ ɛɥɟɧɞɭ ɢ

ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɪɧɭɬɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢɪɢɫ  Ȼɥɟɧɞɭɚɬɚɤɠɟ

ɡɚɳɢɬɧɭɸ ɤɪɵɲɤɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜ ɧɟ ɫɧɢɦɚɹ ɫ ɧɟɝɨ

ɚɞɚɩɬɟɪɚ ɛɥɟɧɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɦɟɪ ɫ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɨɦ$36&

ɎɂɅɖɌɊɕ

Ŧɉɪɢ ɫɴɺɦɤɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɢɥɢ

ɛɨɥɟɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɭ ɜɢɧɶɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ

Ŧɉɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ ɚɜɬɨɮɨɤɭɫɧɨɣ ɤɚɦɟɪɨɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɣɬɟ ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ

ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ

ŦɄɨɝɞɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɚɞɚɩɬɟɪɨɦ ɛɥɟɧɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɦɟɪ ɫ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɨɦ

$36& ɫɜɟɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɟɡɶɛɭ ɞɥɹ

ɫɜɟɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɩɭɫ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɉɪɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɫɜɟɬɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ

ɩɨɜɟɪɯ ɚɞɚɩɬɟɪɚ ɛɥɟɧɞɵ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɢɧɶɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ

ɗɄɋɉɈɄɈɊɊȿɄɐɂə

ȿɫɥɢ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɭɞɥɢɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɚ ɦɚɤɪɨɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ

ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɡɟɪɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɚɦɟɪɨɣ ɫɨ

ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɦ77/ɡɚɦɟɪɨɦ ɤɚɦɟɪɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ

ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɷɤɫɩɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɭɬɚɛ

ɍɏɈȾ ɂ ɏɊȺɇȿɇɂȿ

Ŧɇɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɣɬɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜ ɪɟɡɤɢɦ ɜɫɬɪɹɫɤɚɦ ɪɟɡɤɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɭ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɢ

ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ

Ŧ

Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɣɬɟ ɩɪɨɯɥɚɞɧɨɟ ɫɭɯɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ

ɫ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɣ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɟɣ ȼɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɧɡ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ

ɯɪɚɧɢɬɟ ɟɝɨ ɜɞɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɮɬɚɥɢɧɚ ɢ ɞɪ ɚɧɬɢɦɨɥɟɣ

Ŧɇɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɣɬɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶ ɛɟɧɡɢɧ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɱɢɫɬɹɳɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ

ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɱɢɫɬɢɬɶ ɥɢɧɡɨɜɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɣɬɟ ɦɹɝɤɭɸ ɜɥɚɠɧɭɸ ɬɤɚɧɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɬɢɤɢ

ŦɈɛɴɟɤɬɢɜ ɧɟ ɜɨɞɨɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦ ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɢɥɢɜɨ

ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɨɠɞɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɢɬɟ ɟɝɨ ɨɬ ɧɚɦɨɤɚɧɢɹ Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ

ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɢɧɡ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɭɧɟ

ɩɨɞɥɟɠɚɬ

ŦɊɟɡɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɵ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɭɦɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ

ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɥɢɧɡɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɯɨɞɹ ɜ ɬɺɩɥɨɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɭɥɢɰɵ

ɫɪɚɡɭ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɚɣɬɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜ ɢɡ ɱɟɯɥɚ ɩɨɤɚ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɟɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ

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DSDUHFHQDIRWRJUDILD

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Sigma 180mm F2.8 APO MACRO EX DG OS HSM Nikon Manuale utente

Marca: Sigma

Modello: 180mm F2.8 APO MACRO EX DG OS HSM Nikon

Tipo: Manuale utente

Scarica il pdf

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in altre lingue

français: Sigma 180mm F2.8 APO MACRO EX DG OS HSM Nikon Manuel utilisateur
español: Sigma 180mm F2.8 APO MACRO EX DG OS HSM Nikon Manual de usuario
Deutsch: Sigma 180mm F2.8 APO MACRO EX DG OS HSM Nikon Benutzerhandbuch
Nederlands: Sigma 180mm F2.8 APO MACRO EX DG OS HSM Nikon Handleiding
português: Sigma 180mm F2.8 APO MACRO EX DG OS HSM Nikon Manual do usuário
dansk: Sigma 180mm F2.8 APO MACRO EX DG OS HSM Nikon Brugermanual

Sigma 180mm F2.8 APO MACRO EX DG OS HSM Nikon Manuale utente

Sigma 180mm F2.8 APO MACRO EX DG OS HSM Nikon Manuale utente

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